Leptospirosis: The New Core Vaccine for Dogs and Why It Matters

Vaccines play a crucial role in protecting canines from serious illnesses. Recently, the Leptospirosis (Lepto) vaccine has been upgraded to a core vaccine for dogs by The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) and the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). This change reflects the growing threat of the disease and the importance of widespread prevention.

What is Leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria. These bacteria thrive in contaminated water, soil, and the urine of infected animals, particularly wildlife such as rats, raccoons, and skunks. Dogs can contract the disease by:

  • Drinking or swimming in contaminated water

  • Coming into contact with infected urine

  • Exposure through open wounds or mucous membranes

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can spread from animals to humans, making it a significant public health concern.

Why is the Lepto Vaccine Now a Core Vaccine?

1. Rising Infection Rates

Leptospirosis cases have been steadily increasing across urban, suburban, and rural areas. More dogs are being exposed to contaminated environments, especially in cities with large rodent populations and in outdoor settings where dogs swim in lakes or ponds.

2. Severe and Often Fatal Consequences

Leptospirosis can cause life-threatening kidney and liver damage in dogs. Common symptoms include:

  • Fever

  • Vomiting

  • Diarrhea

  • Lethargy

  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin)

  • Increased thirst and urination (signs of kidney failure)

Without treatment, Leptospirosis can lead to organ failure and death, making prevention crucial.

3. Increased Zoonotic Risk for Humans

Because Leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans, unvaccinated dogs may shed the bacteria in their urine, exposing their owners to infection. Symptoms in humans often resemble the flu but can escalate to serious complications such as kidney or liver failure, meningitis, or respiratory distress.

4. Vaccine Effectiveness and Low Risk of Side Effects

The Leptospirosis vaccine has significantly improved in recent years. It now protects against multiple strains of the Leptospira bacteria and has a low risk of side effects. With annual boosters, dogs remain protected while also reducing the overall spread of the disease.

Who Should Get the Lepto Vaccine?

Previously, the Lepto vaccine was considered non-core and was mainly recommended for high-risk dogs. However, due to the increased prevalence of the disease, it is now strongly recommended for all dogs, particularly those that:

  • Live in urban areas with a high rodent population

  • Hike, swim in lakes, or spend time outdoors

  • Visit dog parks, daycare facilities, or boarding kennels

  • Have exposure to wildlife or farm animals

Even small-breed and indoor dogs are at risk if they go outside for walks or come into contact with contaminated water or soil.

Final Thoughts: Protecting Your Dog and Your Family

As Leptospirosis continues to spread, vaccinating your dog is a simple and effective way to protect their health while also reducing the risk to humans. If your dog has not yet received the Lepto vaccine, now is the time to discuss it with us and ensure it becomes part of their core vaccination schedule.

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